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Key Terms:
Abduction Marriage: When a bride is kidnapped, sometimes with parental agreement, to be married
Patrons: Wealthy individuals who sponsored and mentored writers by providing them with money and connections
Greek names and their Roman counterparts
Persephone = Proserpina
Demeter = Ceres
Hades = Dis
Zeus = Jupiter
Athena = Pallas
Artemis = Diana
Aphrodite = Venus
How Romans changed myth
Myths are adaptable. They change over time in order to explore new themes and even criticise aspects of society. The contemporary political landscape is a significant influence on these adapting myths. Roman writers constantly use and transform established myths in their work. For example, the myth of Persephone’s abduction as it is told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter is reworked by Ovid in the Metamorphoses, produced during the reign of Augustus. Ovid decides to add Venus to the myth by making her the mastermind behind the plot to abduct Persephone. The inclusion of Venus allows for political readings – Emperor Augustus liked to promote that Venus was an ancestor of the Julian house. Ovid’s version of the myth may thereby be said to be commenting on the political state of imperialism and empire-building under Augustus.
Ovid is not the only Roman to use the myth of Persephone, however. Later on, Claudian reworked the myth in his unfinished epic De Raptu Proserpinae or ‘The Abduction of Proserpina’. We will explore this reworking to see how Claudian’s political landscape shaped his version of the Persephone myth.
Who was Claudian?
Claudian was a writer associated with the court of Emperor Honorius, most known for writing poems that praised the general Stilicho and abused members of the eastern court. The Roman Empire looked very different during Claudian’s life to the time of Ovid and Augustus. Firstly, the empire was divided, with Emperor Honorius ruling the western half and his brother Emperor Arcadius ruling the eastern half. This division of ruling was put into place after the death of the brothers’ father, Emperor Theodosius I in 395 CE. It is generally believed that the three books which make up Claudian’s unfinished epic were written in 395 and 397 CE. Whilst the epic is not as explicitly political as his other works, the political backdrop in which he lived has arguably shaped his version of the myth.
Change in the Law
Between Ovid and Claudian’s lifetimes, there was a key legal change: Emperor Constantine I introduced a law that prohibited abduction marriages. This meant there were strict punishments for people who allowed abductions to take place, regardless of whether the parents consented to the abduction. Senators were also told not to expect lighter punishments should they be found guilty of allowing an abductive marriage to take place. Yet in his epic, Claudian has the god Jupiter, father of Proserpina, agree to the abduction and prevent others from stopping the abduction from taking place. This depiction of a god abusing his power and breaking the laws for which even Senators were not given leniency would certainly be shocking to a reader. It is therefore possible to read a critique of those in power in Claudian’s version of the myth.
Additionally, Claudian appears to be asking how far the blame for the crime extends. According to the law, accomplices should be punished as well – but who should be considered an accomplice? In Claudian’s myth, the nurse Electa blames Proserpina’s sisters Diana and Pallas for treachery. This at first may seem unfair since both Diana and Pallas do try to fight off Proserpina’s abductors. However, the sisters quickly give up when their father Jupiter throws a thunderbolt, despite saying they are reluctant to leave Proserpina to be abducted. If Electra is right to call them traitors, this begs the question of whether they are accomplices in the abduction by not preventing it and should therefore be punished by law. On the other hand, as we hear from Diana’s speech, perhaps there was truly nothing they could do in the face of Jupiter’s power
“We acknowledge defeat by a power greater than our own”
Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinae 2.232-247 (Platnauer)
Hence, Claudian’s version of the myth considers the definition of an accomplice and questions how far one should go to prevent unlawful acts.
Life at court
It is not just the wider political and legal sphere that can influence the reworking of a myth. Sometimes even smaller social spaces can impact a writer. There is an argument made by some scholars that during this time period of Late Antiquity there is a departure from the typical Classical style of writing for a new style, due to the cultural changes of the era. One of these is the new aesthetics of political life, with importance placed in court on visual elements and ceremony. This is reflected in the writing of the time, with detailed descriptions of ornate features being included. Claudian’s reworking of the myth adds in precise details of clothing, personal appearance, and the ornate decorations of the Proserpina’s palace.
“The hall was walled with ivory; the roof strengthened with beams of bronze and supported by lofty columns of electron”
Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinae, 1.245 (Platnauer)
“Her hair, parted into many locks, is braided round her head and secured by a Cyprian pin, and a brooch cunningly fabricated by her spouse Vulcan supports her cloak thick studded with purple jewels”
Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinae, 2.11-18 (Platnauer)
It is clear that Claudian’s connection to Emperor Honorius’ court means he would have witnessed the attention to ceremony and excessive visuals. This has clearly influenced the style of the mythic retelling.
Christianity
In a similar vein, the court of Honorius was Christian and this influence can be read in Claudian’s writing. The comparison of Proserpina to Christ is not new – Christian symbolism was often depicted alongside imagery of Proserpina. The reason for this connection is that both share the fate of rising from death (Proserpina’s ability to return from the underworld can be considered a resurrection).
Claudian deepens the connection in his retelling by making Proserpina a martyr on two accounts: not only does her abduction save Olympus from Dis’ wrath, but her return improves mankind’s condition when Ceres consequently gives them corn. Also, the way Claudian describes the underworld makes it appear more desirable than earth, which is comparable to the Christian notion of the afterlife. Christian ideas of equality and judgement, where the virtuous are rewarded whilst those who are wicked are punished, are also included in the myth.
“To your feet shall come purple-clothed kings, stripped of their pomp, and mingling with the unmoneyed throng; for death renders all equal. You shall give doom to the guilty and rest to the virtuous”
Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinae 2.277-306 (Platnauer)
It may be that Claudian chose to rework this myth because Proserpina is relevant to both Pagans and Christians – it could easily be adapted to appease the Christian court, which was important as Claudian would need wealthy patrons to sponsor him.
Conclusion
It must be understood that not every change and addition to a reworked myth is directly related to the backdrop of the writer’s life. Imagination and the ideals of what makes a good story are also important. However, a consideration of such aspects can highlight parts of the text that may otherwise go overlooked. It also allows us to understand the adaptability of myths: how they can be changed and reworked in different time periods and societies.
Further Reading
Claudian, De Raptu Proserpinae, M. Platnauer (trans.) 1922. Loeb
Formisano, M. (2017) ‘Displacing Tradition: A New-Allegorical Reading of Ausonius, Claudian and Rutilius Namatianus’, in Elsner, J, Hernandez Lobato, J. (ed.) The Poetics of Late Latin Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kuefler, M. (2007) ‘The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law’, Journal of Family History. vol. 32.4, pp. 343-370
Ware, C. (2011) ‘Proserpina and the Martyrs: Pagan and Christian in Claudian’s De raptu Proserpinae’, in Mullins, E and Scully, D. (ed.) Listen, O Isles, unto Me Studies in Medieval Word and Image. Cork: Cork University Press
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